See below for the sources of the fetal development facts and and credits for the photos that appear in the Equal Rights Institute Outreach Brochure:

Sources for fetal development claims in ERI Outreach Brochure

Claim: Heart Begins to Beat By Day 21.
Source: Cullen, Theresa. “Evaluation of fetal arrhythmias”. American Family Physician. Dec 1992. DrPlace.com. 19 Feb. 2015. <http://www.drplace.com/Evaluation_of_fetal_arrhythmias.16.20197.htm>.

Claim: Early Brain Activity Begins By Day 50.
Source: M, Marin-Padilla. “Structural Organization of the Human Cerebral Cortex Prior to the Appearance of the Cortical Plate.” Anatomy and Embryology 168 (1983): 21-41. PubMed Entrez. National Institute of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. 24 Oct. 2006 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6650855?dopt=AbstractPlus>.

Claim: Hair Begins By 13 Weeks.
Source: Rauch, Daniel, ed. “Fetal Development.” Medline Plus. 04 Oct. 2006. US National Library of Medicine. 24 Oct. 2006 <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm>.

Claim: Earliest Prematurely Born Baby to Survive Was at 19 Weeks and 5 Days.
Source: Folkard, Claire. “Guinness World Records 2004 (Guinness Book of Records).”By Guinness. Random House, n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2015.

Claim: Viability at 22 Weeks in 1980.
Source: Arzuaga, Bonnie H., and Ben H. Lee. “Limits of Human Viability in the United States: A Medicolegal Review.” Limits of Human Viability in the United States: A Medicolegal Review. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 7 Nov. 2011. Web. 06 Feb. 2015.

Claim: Viability at 26 Weeks in 1935.
Source: Arzuaga, Bonnie H., and Ben H. Lee. “Limits of Human Viability in the United States: A Medicolegal Review.” Limits of Human Viability in the United States: A Medicolegal Review. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 7 Nov. 2011. Web. 06 Feb. 2015.

Expert Medical Testimony Relating to Life’s Beginning

“Human development begins at fertilization, when a male gamete or sperm unites with a female gamete or oocyte to form a single cell, a zygote. This highly specialized, totipotent cell marks the beginning of each of us as a unique individual.”

Keith L. Moore and T.V.N. Persaud, The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2008. pp. 15.

“Development begins with fertilization, the process by which the male gamete, the sperm, and the female gamete, the oocyte, unite to give rise to a zygote.”

T.W. Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology, 11th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. p. 13.

 

 

“[The zygote], formed by the union of an oocyte and a sperm, is the beginning of a new human being.”

Keith L. Moore, Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology, 7th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2008. p. 2.

 

 

“Although life is a continuous process, fertilization (which, incidentally, is not a ‘moment’) is a critical landmark because, under ordinary circumstances, a new genetically distinct human organism is formed when the chromosomes of the male and female pronuclei blend in the oocyte.”

Ronan O’Rahilly and Fabiola Müller, Human Embryology and Teratology, 3rd edition. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001. p. 8.

 

“Human embryos begin development following the fusion of definitive male and female gametes during fertilization… This moment of zygote formation may be taken as the beginning or zero time point of embryonic development.”

William J. Larsen, Essentials of Human Embryology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1998. 1, 14.

 

“When fertilization is complete, a unique genetic human entity exists.”
C. Christopher Hook, M.D., Oncologist, Mayo Clinic, Director of Ethics Education, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine

“Science has a very simple conception of man; as soon as he has been conceived, a man is a man.”
Jerome Lejeune, M.D., Ph.D.

In 1981, a United States Senate judiciary subcommittee received the following testimony from a collection of medical experts (Subcommittee on Separation of Powers to Senate Judiciary Committee S-158, Report, 97th Congress, 1st Session, 1981):

“It is incorrect to say that biological data cannot be decisive…It is scientifically correct to say that an individual human life begins at conception.”
Professor Micheline Matthews-Roth, Harvard University Medical School

“I have learned from my earliest medical education that human life begins at the time of conception.”
Dr. Alfred M. Bongioanni, Professor of Pediatrics and Obstetrics, University of Pennsylvania 

“After fertilization has taken place a new human being has come into being. [It] is no longer a matter of taste or opinion…it is plain experimental evidence. Each individual has a very neat beginning, at conception.”
Dr. Jerome LeJeune, Professor of Genetics, University of Descartes

“By all the criteria of modern molecular biology, life is present from the moment of conception.”
Professor Hymie Gordon, Mayo Clinic 

“The beginning of a single human life is from a biological point of view a simple and straightforward matter – the beginning is conception.”
Dr. Watson A. Bowes, University of Colorado Medical School

 A 1981 U.S. Senate report states, “Physicians, biologists, and other scientists agree that conception marks the beginning of the life of a human being – a being that is alive and is a member of the human species. There is overwhelming agreement on this point in countless medical, biological, and scientific writings.” (Subcommittee on Separation of Powers, Ibid.)

The American Medical Association (AMA) declared as far back as 1857 (referenced in the Roe. vs. Wade opinion) that “the independent and actual existence of the child before birth, as a living being” is a matter of objective science. They deplored the “popular ignorance…that the foetus is not alive till after the period of quickening.”

Picture Sources

Sperm Enters Ovum picture: Nilsson, Lennart. The successful sperm. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 75. Print.

Human Zygote, One Day After Fertilization picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 79. Print.

Human Embryo at Implantation picture: A Child Is Born. Lennart Nilsson and Lars Hamberger. New York: Bantam Dell, 2004. 78. Print.

Human Embryo at 4 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 115. Print.

Human Embryo at 7 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. A Child Is Born. Lennart Nilsson and Lars Hamberger. New York: Bantam Dell, 2004. 105. Print.

Human Fetus at 13 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 139. Print.

Human Fetus at 16 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 141. Print.

Human Fetus at 20 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 147. Print.

Human Fetus at 22-24 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Title. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 151. Print. [Note, this picture is improperly labeled in the first printing of our brochure as a 22-24 week fetus, and it is in fact a 17 week fetus]

Human Fetus at 36 Weeks picture: Nilsson, Lennart. Life. Editor Mark Holborn. New York: Abrams, 2006. 129. Print.

All abortion images copyright Grantham Collection, except the image of the 15 week fetus, copyright Narcis Virgiliu.

Premature Human Newborn at 24 Weeks and 6 Days picture: Sternal-Johnson, Chris. “Lyra”. 5 May, 2009. Online image. Flickr. 6 February, 2015. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ceejayoz/3579010939/>

Human Newborn picture: 1joe. “Newborn”. 6 Jan, 2008. Online image. iStockphoto. 9 February, 2015. <http://www.istockphoto.com/photo/newborn-5044182>

Human Two-Year-Old picture: Crumley, Justin. “William David”. 2012. Photograph. Fresno.